رَفْع
Raf'
Marfoo' — مَرْفُوع
Ending: ـُ (Damma)
The base form. Used for subjects, predicates, verb subjects.
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نَصْب
Nasb
Mansoob — مَنْصُوب
Ending: ـَ (Fatha)
Used for direct objects, after nasb triggers.
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جَرّ / خَفْض
Jarr / Khafd
Majroor — مَجْرُور
Ending: ـِ (Kasra)
After prepositions and as the second element of an iḍāfa.
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جَزْم
Jazm
Majzoom — مَجْزُوم
Ending: ـْ (Sukun)
Exclusively for verbs. After jazm triggers.
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مَبْنِي
Mabni
Indeclinable
Fixed ending
Words with a fixed, unchanging ending.
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تَوَابِع
Tawabi' — Followers
Variable — follows its مَتْبُوع
No fixed ending
Words that follow the case of the preceding word.
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فِي الْمَحَل
Mahall — Grammatical position
مَبْنِي — fixed form, variable position
مَحَل رَفْع / مَحَل نَصْب / مَحَل جَرّ / لَا مَحَلَّ لَهُ
مَبْنِي words never change form, but occupy a grammatical position.
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